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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Figure 1. Agonist-induced and Agonist-independent Serine363 phosphorylation of the µ-Opioid Receptor
pS363-MOP (phospho-µ-Opioid Receptor Antibody)
Serine363 (S363) is a constitutive phosphorylation site of the µ-opioid receptor (MOP). The pT363-MOP antibody detects phosphorylated MOP in cultured cells. S363 is a substrate for PKC-mediated phosphorylation.
$ 375.00 *
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Citations
Validation of the Neurotensin Receptor 1 in transfected HEK293 cells
NTS1 (non-phospho), Neurotensin Receptor 1...
The NTS1 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Neurotensin Receptor 1. It can be used to detect total NTS1 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The NTS1 antibody...
$ 300.00 *
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Validation of the Neuropeptide S Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
NPSR (non-phospho), Neuropeptide S Receptor...
The NPSR antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Neuropeptide S Receptor. It can be used to detect total NPS receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The NPSR antibody can also...
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Agonist-induced Serine362/Serine363 phosphorylation of Ghrelin Receptor
pS362/pS363-GHSR (phospho-Ghrelin Receptor...
Serine362/Serine363 (S362/S363) is major phosphorylation site of the Ghrelin Receptor (GHSR). The pS362/pS363-GHSR antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S362/S363 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient...
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pT340-GAL1 (phospho-Galanin Receptor 1 Antibody)
pT340-GAL1 (phospho-Galanin Receptor 1 Antibody)
Threonine340 (T340) is a major phosphorylation site of the GAL1 receptor. The pT340-GAL1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T340 phosphorylation is a key regulator of GAL1 desensitization, β-arrestin...
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Validation of the Galanin Receptor 1 in transfected HEK293 cells
GAL1 (non-phospho), Galanin Receptor 1 Antibody
The non-phospho-GAL1 receptor antibody is directed against the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GAL1. It can be used to detect total GAL1 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho-GAL1 antibody can also be...
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Validation of the G protein-coupled Receptor 84 in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR84 (non-phospho), G Protein-Coupled Receptor...
The GPR84 antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GRP84. It can be used to detect total GPR84 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR84 antibody can also be used to...
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Detection of non-phosphorylated human FFA4 Receptor
FFA4 (non-phospho-FFA4 Antibody)
The non-phospho-FFA4 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human FFA4. It can be used to detect total FFA4 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho-FFA4...
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Validation of the FFA2 in transfected HEK293 cells
FFA2 (non-phospho-FFA2 Antibody)
The non-phospho-FFA2 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human FFA2. It can be used to detect total FFA2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho-FFA2...
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Agonist-induced Threonine334/Serine335 phosphorylation of FPR3 Receptor
pT334/pS335-FPR3 (phospho-Formylpeptide...
Threonine334/Serine335 (T334/S335) is a major phosphorylation site of the FPR3 receptor. The pT334/pS335-FPR3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T334/S335 phosphorylation is a key regulator of FPR3...
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Agonist-induced Threonine337/Threonine339 phosphorylation of FPR3 Receptor
pT337/pT339-FPR3 (phospho-Formylpeptide...
Threonine337/Threonine339 (T337/T339) is a major phosphorylation site of the FPR3 receptor. The pT337/pT339-FPR3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T337/T339 phosphorylation is a key regulator of FPR3...
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Validation of the Formylpeptide Receptor 3 in transfected HEK293 cells
FPR3 (non-phospho), Formylpeptide Receptor 3...
The FPR3 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Formylpeptide Receptor 3. It can be used to detect total FPR3 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The FPR3...
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Agonist-induced Threonine335 phosphorylation of FPR2 Receptor
pT335-FPR2 (phospho-Formylpeptide Receptor 2...
Threonine335 (T335) is a major phosphorylation site of the FPR2 receptor. The pT335-FPR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T335 phosphorylation is a key regulator of FPR2 desensitization, β-arrestin...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Threonine346 phosphorylation of FPR2 Receptor
pT346-FPR2 (phospho-Formylpeptide Receptor 2...
Threonine346 (T346) is a major phosphorylation site of the FPR2 receptor. The pT346-FPR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T346 phosphorylation is a key regulator of FPR2 desensitization, β-arrestin...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine338/Threonine339 phosphorylation of Formylpeptide Receptor 1
pS338/pT339-FPR1 (phospho-Formylpeptide...
Serine338/Threonine339 (S338/T339) is a major phosphorylation site of the Formylpeptide Receptor 1 (FPR1). The pS338/pT339-FPR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S338/T339 phosphorylation is a key...
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Validation of the Endothelin Receptor B in transfected HEK293 cells.
ETB (non-phospho-Endothelin Receptor B Antibody)
The non-phospho-ETB receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Endothelin Receptor B (ETB). It can be used to detect total ETB receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation....
$ 300.00 *
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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Premium Phosphosite-Specific 7TM Antibodies

For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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