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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Agonist-induced Serine351 phosphorylation of the Apelin Receptor
pS351-APLNR (phospho-Apelin Receptor Antibody)
Serine351 (S351) is major phosphorylation site of the Apelin Receptor (APLNR). The pS351-APLNR antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S351 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand sequestration by...
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Agonist-induced Serine319/Serine322 phosphorylation of the H2 Histamine Receptor
pS319/pS322-H2 (phospho-H2 Histamine Receptor...
Serine319/Ser322 are major phosphorylation site of the H2 histamine receptor. The pS319/pS322-H2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists.
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pS364/pS366/pS368-S1P4 (phospho-Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 4 Antibody)
pS364/pS366/pS368-S1P4 (phospho-Sphingosine...
Serine364/Serine366/Serine368 (S364/S366/S368) is major phosphorylation site of the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 4 (S1P4). The pS364/pS366/pS368-S1P4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S364/S366/S368...
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Agonist-induced Serine364 phosphorylation of the β2-Adrenoceptor
pS364-β2 (phospho-β2-Adrenoceptor Antibody)
Serine364 (S364) is a major phosphorylation site of the β2 adrenoceptor. The pS364-β2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. S364 phosphorylation is primarily...
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Agonist-induced Serine381/Serine382 phosphorylation of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4
pS381/pS382-PAR4 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine381/Serine382 (S381/S382) is a major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4). The pS381/pS382-PAR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S381/S382 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Serine374/Threonine379 phosphorylation of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4
pS374/pT379-PAR4 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine374/Threonine379 (S374/T379) is a major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4). The pS374/pT379-PAR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S374/T379 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Serine366/Serine369 phosphorylation of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4
pS366/pS369-PAR4 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine366/Serine369 (S366/S369) is a major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4). The pS366/pS369-PAR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S366/S369 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Serine412/Serine413 phosphorylation of the Protease-Activated Receptor
pS412/pS413-PAR1 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine412/Serine413 (S412/S413) is major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1). The pS412/pS413-PAR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S412/S413 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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pS327/pS329-CX3CR1 (phospho-CX3CR1 Chemokine Receptor Antibody)
pS327/pS329-CX3CR1 (phospho-CX3CR1 Chemokine...
Serine327/Serine329 (S327/S329) is a major phosphorylation site of the CX3CR1 receptor. The pS327/pS329-CX3CR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S327/S329...
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Agonist-induced Serine339/Serine340 phosphorylation of the Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1
pS339/pS340-CX3CR1 (phospho-CX3CR1 Chemokine...
Serine339/Serine340 (S339/S340) is a major phosphorylation site of the CX3CR1 receptor. The pS339/pS340-CX3CR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S339/S340...
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Agonist-induced Serine403/Serine404 phosphorylation of the Neurotensin Receptor 1
pS403/pS404-NTS1 (phospho-Neurotensin Receptor...
Serine403/Serine404 (S403/S404) is major phosphorylation site of the Neurotensin Receptor 1 (NTS1). The pS403/pS404-NTS1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S403/S404 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Threonine382/Threonine386 phosphorylation of the Dopamine Receptor 5
pT382/pT386-D5 (phospho-Dopamine Receptor 5...
Threonine382/Threonine386 (T382/T386) is a major phosphorylation site of the D5 receptor. The pT382/pT386-D5 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T382/T386...
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Agonist-induced Serine377/Ser378 phosphorylation of the Oxytocin Receptor.
pS377/pS378-OT (phospho-Oxytocin Receptor...
Serine377/Serine378 (S377/S378) is major phosphorylation site of the Oxytocin Receptor (OT). The p3S77/pS378-OT antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S377/S378 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient...
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Agonist-induced Serine366/Serine368 phosphorylation of the Oxytocin Receptor
pS366/pS368-OT (phospho-Oxytocin Receptor...
Serine366/Serine368 (S366/S368) is major phosphorylation site of the Oxytocin Receptor (OT). The pS366/pS368-OT antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S366/S368 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient...
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Agonist-induced Threonine310/Serine311 phosphorylation of the M2 Muscarinic Acetycholine Receptor
pT310/pS311-M2 (phospho-M2 Muscarinic...
Threonine310/Serine311 is a major phosphorylation site of the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. The pT310/pS311-M2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T310/S311...
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Agonist-induced Serine315/Serine320 phosphorylation of the M2 Muscarinic Acetycholine Receptor
pS315/pS320-M2 (phospho-M2 Muscarinic...
Serine315/Serine320 is a major phosphorylation site of the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. The pS315/pS320-M2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. S315/S320...
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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