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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Validation of the Dopamine Receptor 1 in transfected HEK293 cells
D1 (non-phospho-Dopamine Receptor 1 Antibody)
The non-phospho-D1 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human D1. It can be used to detect total D1 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho-D1 antibody...
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Agonist-induced Threonine428/Serine429 phosphorylation of CRF1 Receptor
pT428/pS429-CRF1...
Threonine428/Serine429 (T428/S429) is a major phosphorylation site of the CRF1 receptor. The pT428/pS429-CRF1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T428/S429 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CRF1...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Threonine431 phosphorylation of CRF1 Receptor
pT431-CRF1 (phospho-Corticotropin-Releasing...
Threonine431 (T431) is a major phosphorylation site of the CRF1 receptor. The pT431-CRF1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T431 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CRF1 desensitization, β-arrestin...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine434/Serine437 phosphorylation of CRF1 Receptor
pS434/pS437-CRF1...
Serine434/Serine441 (S437/S441) is a major phosphorylation site of the CRF1 receptor. The pS434/pS437-CRF1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S434/S437 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CRF1...
$ 375.00 *
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Validation of the Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 in transfected HEK293 cells
CRF1 (non-phospho-Corticotropin-Releasing...
The non-phospho-CRF1 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human CRF1. It can be used to detect total CRF1 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho-CRF1...
$ 375.00 *
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pT427/pS429-CCK2 (phospho-Cholecystokinin Receptor 2 Antibody)
pT427/pS429-CCK2 (phospho-Cholecystokinin...
Threonine427/Serine429 (T427/S429) is a major phosphorylation site of the CCK2 receptor. The pT427/pS429-CCK2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T427/S429 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CRF1...
$ 375.00 *
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pS437/pT439-CCK2 (phospho-Cholecystokinin Receptor 2 Antibody)
pS437/pT439-CCK2 (phospho-Cholecystokinin...
Serine437/Threonine439 (S437/T439) is a major phosphorylation site of the CCK2 receptor. The pS437/pT439-CCK2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S437/T439 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CCK2...
$ 375.00 *
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Validation of the Cholecystokinin Receptor 2 in transfected HEK293 cells
CCK2 (non-phospho), Cholecystokinin Receptor 2...
The CCK2 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Cholecystokinin Receptor 2 (previously called CCKB). It can be used to detect total CCK2 receptors in Western blots independent of...
$ 300.00 *
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pS417/pS419-CCK1 (phospho-Cholecystokinin Receptor 1 Antibody)
pS417/pS419-CCK1 (phospho-Cholecystokinin...
Serine417/Serine419 (S417/S419) is a major phosphorylation site of the CCK1 receptor. The pS417/pS419-CCK1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S417/S419 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CCK1...
$ 375.00 *
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pS412/pS414-CCK1 (phospho-Cholecystokinin Receptor 1 Antibody)
pS412/pS414-CCK1 (phospho-Cholecystokinin...
Serine412/Serine414 (S412/S414) is a major phosphorylation site of the CCK1 receptor. The pS412/pS414-CCK1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S412/S414 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CCK1...
$ 375.00 *
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pT408/pT409-CCK1 (phospho-Cholecystokinin Receptor 1 Antibody)
pT408/pT409-CCK1 (phospho-Cholecystokinin...
Threonine408/Threonine409 (T408/T409) is a major phosphorylation site of the CCK1 receptor. The pT408/pT409-CCK1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T408/T409 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CCK1...
$ 375.00 *
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Validation of the Cholecystokinin Receptor 1 in transfected HEK293 cells
CCK1 (non-phospho), Cholecystokinin Receptor 1...
The CCK1 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Cholecystokinin Receptor 1 (previously called CCKA). It can be used to detect total CCK1 receptors in Western blots independent of...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine324/Serine325 phosphorylation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 4.
pS324/pS325-CXCR4 (phospho-CXC Chemokine...
Serine324/serine325 (S324/S325) is a major phosphorylation site of the CXCR4 receptor. The pS324/pS325-CXCR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists but not after PKC activation. S324/S325 phosphorylation is a key...
$ 375.00 *
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pS346/pS347-CXCR4 (phospho-CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Antibody)
pS346/pS347-CXCR4 (phospho-CXC Chemokine...
Serine346/serine347 (S346/S347) is a major phosphorylation site of the CXCR4 receptor. The pS346/pS347-CXCR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists and after PKC activation. S346/S347 phosphorylation is a key regulator...
$ 375.00 *
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Citations
KO-Validated
Validation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 in transfected HEK293 cells.
CXCR4 (non-phospho), CXC Chemokine Receptor 4...
The non-phospho-CXCR4 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of mouse, rat and human CXCR4. It can be used to detect CXCR4 receptors in Western blots in a phosphorylation-sensitive manner....
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine330 phosphorylation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 4
pS330-CXCR4 (phospho-CXC Chemokine Receptor 4...
Serine330(S330) is a major phosphorylation site of the CXCR4 receptor. The pS330-CXCR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists and after PKC activation. S330 phosphorylation is a key regulator of CXCR4 desensitization,...
$ 375.00 *
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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