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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Immunohistochemical identification of Dopamine Receptor 1 and Dopamine Receptor 2 in striatum
D2 (IHC-grade), Dopamine Receptor 2 Antibody
The D2 receptor antibody is directed against the third intracellular loop of mouse, rat and human D2 dopamine receptor. It detects both the long and short form of D2. It can be used to detect total D2 receptors in Western blots...
$ 375.00 *
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Immunohistochemical identification of GPR15 Receptor in kidney
GPR15 (IHC-grade), G Protein-Coupled Receptor...
The GPR15 antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of mouse, rat and human GRP15. It can be used to detect total GPR15 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR15 antibody can...
$ 375.00 *
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Immunohistochemical identification of GPR39 Receptor in Small Intestine
GPR39 (IHC-grade), G Protein-Coupled Receptor...
The GPR39 antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of mouse, rat and human GRP39. It can be used to detect total GPR39 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR39 antibody can...
$ 375.00 *
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Immunohistochemical identification of NPSR in Duodenum
NPSR (IHC-grade), Neuropeptide S Receptor Antibody
The NPSR antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Neuropeptide S Receptor. It can be used to detect total NPS receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The NPSR antibody can also...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine339/Serine340 phosphorylation of the Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1
pS339/pS340-CX3CR1 (phospho-CX3CR1 Chemokine...
Serine339/Serine340 (S339/S340) is a major phosphorylation site of the CX3CR1 receptor. The pS339/pS340-CX3CR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S339/S340...
$ 375.00 *
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pS327/pS329-CX3CR1 (phospho-CX3CR1 Chemokine Receptor Antibody)
pS327/pS329-CX3CR1 (phospho-CX3CR1 Chemokine...
Serine327/Serine329 (S327/S329) is a major phosphorylation site of the CX3CR1 receptor. The pS327/pS329-CX3CR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S327/S329...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine351 phosphorylation of the Apelin Receptor
pS351-APLNR (phospho-Apelin Receptor Antibody)
Serine351 (S351) is major phosphorylation site of the Apelin Receptor (APLNR). The pS351-APLNR antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S351 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand sequestration by...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine319/Serine322 phosphorylation of the H2 Histamine Receptor
pS319/pS322-H2 (phospho-H2 Histamine Receptor...
Serine319/Ser322 are major phosphorylation site of the H2 histamine receptor. The pS319/pS322-H2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S319/S322 phosphorylation is a key regulator of H2 desensitization,...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Threonine271 phosphorylation of the M2 Muscarinic Acetycholine Receptor
pT271-M2 (phospho-M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine...
Threonine271 is a major phosphorylation site of the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. The pT271-M2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T271 phosphorylation is a key...
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Agonist-induced Serine282/Serine283 phosphorylation of the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor
pS282/pS283-M2 (phospho-M2 Muscarinic...
Serine282/Serine283 is a major phosphorylation site of the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. The pS282/pS283-M2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. S282/S283...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Threonine307/Serine309 phosphorylation of the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor
pT307/pS309-M2 (phospho-M2 Muscarinic...
Threonine307/Serine309 is a major phosphorylation site of the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. The pT307/pS309-M2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T307/S309...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine358/Threonine360/Serine361 phosphorylation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 3
pS358/pT360/pS361-CXCR3 (phospho-CXC Chemokine...
Serine358/Threonine360/Serine361 (S358/T360/S361) are a major phosphorylation sites of the CXCR3 receptor. The pS358/pT360/pS361-CXCR3 detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists. S358/T360/S361 phosphorylation...
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Agonist-induced Serine355 phosphorylation of GPR183
pS355-GPR183 (phospho-GPR183 Antibody)
Serine355 (S355) is major phosphorylation site of human GPR183 receptor. The pS355-GPR183 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S355 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand sequestration by GPR183.
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine343 phosphorylation of GPR183
pS343-GPR183 (phospho-GPR183 Antibody)
Serine343 (S343) is major phosphorylation site of human GPR183 receptor. The pS343-GPR183 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S343 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand sequestration by GPR183.
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine422/Serine425 phosphorylation of the Calcitonin Recepto
pS422/pS425-CT (phospho-Calcitonin Receptor...
Serine422/Serine425 (S422/S425) is a major phosphorylation site of the Calcitonin receptor. The pS422/pS425-CT antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S422/S425...
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine261/Serine262 phosphorylation of the β2-Adrenoceptor
pS261pS262-β2 (phospho-β2-Adrenoceptor Antibody)
Serine261/Serine262 (S261/S262) is a major phosphorylation site of the β2 adrenoceptor. The pS261/pS262-β2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. S261/S262...
$ 375.00 *
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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Premium Phosphosite-Specific 7TM Antibodies

For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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