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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Agonist-induced Serine331/Serine333 phosphorylation of GAL2 Receptor.
pS331/pS333-GAL2 (phospho-Galanin Receptor 2...
Serine331/Serine333 (S331/S333) is a major phosphorylation site of the GAL2 receptor. The pS331/pS333-GAL2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S331/S333 phosphorylation is a key regulator of GAL2...
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NEW
Agonist-induced Threonine329/Serine331 phosphorylation of GAL2 Receptor
pT329/pS331-GAL2 (phospho-Galanin Receptor 2...
Threonine329/Serine331 (T329/S331) is a major phosphorylation site of the GAL2 receptor. The pT329/pS331-GAL2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T329/S331 phosphorylation is a key regulator of GAL2...
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Serine358/Seine362 phosphorylation of the G-protein coupled Receptor 176.
pS358/pS362-GPR176 (phospho-GPR176 Antibody)
Serine358/Serine362 (S358/S362) is a major phosphorylation site of the human GPR176 receptor. The pS358/pS362-GPR176 antibody detects GRK-mediated constitutive phosphorylation as well as PKC-mediated phosphorylation of GPR176 when...
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Threonine427/Serine429 phosphorylation of the G-protein coupled Receptor 75.
pT427/pS429-GPR75 (phospho-GPR75 Antibody)
Threonine427/Serine429 (T427/S429) is a major phosphorylation site of the human GPR75 receptor. The pT427/pS429-GPR75 antibody detects GRK-mediated constitutive phosphorylation of GPR75 when expressed in HEK293 cells.
$ 375.00 *
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Serine422/Serine423 phosphorylation of the G-protein coupled Receptor 75
pS422/pS423-GPR75 (phospho-GPR75 Antibody)
Serine422/Serine423 (S422/S423) is a major phosphorylation site of the human GPR75 receptor. The pS422/pS423-GPR75 antibody detects GRK-mediated constitutive phosphorylation as well as PKC-mediated phosphorylation of GPR75 when expressed...
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Validation of the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 3 in transfected HEK293 cells.
S1P3 (non-phospho), Sphingosine 1-Phosphate...
The non-phospho-sphingosin 1-phosphate receptor 3 antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human S1P3.
$ 375.00 *
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Agonist-induced Serine343/Threonine345 phosphorylation of Chemerin Receptor 2
pS343/pT345-CMKLR2 (phospho-Chemerin Receptor 2...
Serine343/Threonine345 (S343/T345) is a major phosphorylation site of the Chemerin receptor 2 (CMKLR2). The pS343/pT345-CMKLR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S343/T345 phosphorylation is a key...
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Agonist-induced Threonine335/Serine337 phosphorylation of Chemerin Receptor 2
pT335/pS337-CMKLR2 (phospho-Chemerin Receptor 2...
Threonine335/Serine337 (T335/S337) is a major phosphorylation site of the Chemerin receptor 2 (CMKLR2). The pT335/pS337-CMKLR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T335/S337 phosphorylation is a key...
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NEW
Agonist-induced Serine331/Serine333 phosphorylation of Chemerin Receptor 2
pS331/pS333-CMKLR2 (phospho-Chemerin Receptor 2...
Serine331/Serine333 (S331/S333) is a major phosphorylation site of the Chemerin receptor 2 (CMKLR2). The pS331/pS333-CMKLR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S331/S333 phosphorylation is a key...
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Agonist-induced Serine357/Serine358 phosphorylation of Chemerin Receptor 1.
pS357/pS358-CMKLR1 (phospho-Chemerin Receptor 1...
Serine357/Serine358 (S357/S358) is a major phosphorylation site of the Chemerin receptor 1 (CMKLR1). The pS357/pS358-CMKLR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S357/S358 phosphorylation is a key...
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Agonist-induced Serine352/Threonine354 phosphorylation of Chemerin Receptor 1
pS352/pT354-CMKLR1 (phospho-Chemerin Receptor 1...
Serine352/Threonine354 (S352/T354) is a major phosphorylation site of the Chemerin receptor 1 (CMKLR1). The pS352/pT354-CMKLR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S352/T354 phosphorylation is a key...
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NEW
Agonist-induced Serine345/Serine346 phosphorylation of Chemerin Receptor 1
pS345/pS346-CMKLR1 (phospho-Chemerin Receptor 1...
Serine345/Serine346 (S345/S346) is a major phosphorylation site of the Chemerin receptor 1 (CMKLR1). The pS345/pS346-CMKLR1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. S345/S346 phosphorylation is a key...
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Agonist-induced Serine338/Serine339 phosphorylation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 4
pS338/pS339-CXCR4 (phospho-CXC Chemokine...
Serine338 and Serine339 (S338/S339) are a major phosphorylation sites of the CXCR4 receptor. The pS338/pS339-CXCR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists and after PKC activation. S338/S339 phosphorylation is a key...
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Validation of the M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
M3 (non-phospho-M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine...
The non-phospho-M3 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (M3). It can be used to detect total M3 receptors in Western blots independent of...
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Citations
Validation of the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 in transfected HEK293 cells
PTH1 (non-phospho-Parathyroid Hormone Receptor...
The PTH1 antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1. It can be used to detect total PTH1 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The PTH1 antibody...
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Validation of the Bradykinin Receptor 2 in transfected HEK293 cells
B2 (non-phospho-Bradykinin Receptor 2 Antibody)
The non-phospho-B2 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human B2. It can be used to detect total B2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho-B2 antibody...
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34 From 37

For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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