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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Validation of the β2-Adrenoceptor in transfected HEK293 cells
β2 (non-phospho), β2-Adrenoceptor Antibody
The non-phospho- β2 antibody is directed against the third intracellular loop of human β2 . It can be used to detect total β2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho- β2 antibody can also be used to...
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pT442/pS443-GIPR (phospho-Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor Antibody)
pT442/pS443-GIPR (phospho-Gastric Inhibitory...
Threonine442/Serine443 (T442/S443) is major phosphorylation site of human GIP receptor. The pT442/pS443-GIPR antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T442/S443 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand...
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Agonist-induced Serine344/Serine345 phosphorylation of the P2Y Receptor
pS344/pS345-P2Y4 (phospho-P2Y Purinoceptor 4...
Serine344/Serine345 (S344/S345) is a major phosphorylation site of the P2Y4 receptor. The pS344/pS345-P2Y4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S344/S345...
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Agonist-induced Serine339 phosphorylation of the P2Y Receptor 4
pS339-P2Y4 (phospho-P2Y Purinoceptor 4 Antibody)
Serine339 (S339) is a major phosphorylation site of the P2Y4 receptor. The pS339-P2Y4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S339 phosphorylation is a key regulator of...
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Agonist-induced Threonine351 phosphorylation of the P2Y Receptor 4
pT351-P2Y4 (phospho-P2Y Purinoceptor 4 Antibody)
Threonine351 (T351) is a major phosphorylation site of the P2Y4 receptor. The pT351-P2Y4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. T351 phosphorylation is a key regulator of...
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Agonist-induced Serine323 phosphorylation of the P2Y Receptor 12.
pS323-P2Y12 (phospho-P2Y Purinoceptor 12 Antibody)
Serine323 (S323) is a major phosphorylation site of the P2Y12 receptor. The pS323-P2Y12 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S323 phosphorylation is a key regulator of...
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Validation of the G protein-coupled receptor 87 in transfected HEK293 cells.
GPR87 (non-phospho-G Protein-Coupled Receptor...
The GPR87 antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of mouse, rat and human GRP87. It can be used to detect total GPR87 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR87 antibody can...
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Agonist-induced Serine594/Threonine597/Serine599 phosphorylation of the SMO Receptor
pS594/pT597/pS599-SMO (phospho-SMO Receptor...
Serine594/Threonine597/Serine599 (S594/S597/S599) is major GRK2 phosphorylation site of the SMO receptor. The pS594/pT597/pS599-SMO antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. The pS594/pT597/pS599-SMO antibody can be used...
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Immunohistochemical identification of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 in Kidney
PAR2 (IHC-grade), Proteinase-Activated Receptor...
The PAR2 antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of mouse, rat and human PAR2. It can be used to detect total PAR2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The PAR2 antibody can also be...
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Agonist-induced Threonine404 phosphorylation of the β1-Adrenoceptor
pT404-β1 (phospho-β1-Adrenoceptor Antibody)
Threonine404 (T404) is a major phosphorylation site of the β1 adrenoceptor. The pT404-β1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T404 phosphorylation is primarily...
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Validation of the β1-Adrenoceptor in transfected HEK293 cells
β1 (non-phospho), β1-Adrenoceptor Antibody
The non-phospho- β1 antibody is directed against the carboxyl-terminal tail of human β1 . It can be used to detect total β1 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The non-phospho- β1 antibody can also be used to...
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Agonist-induced Serine366/Serine369 phosphorylation of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4
pS366/pS369-PAR4 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine366/Serine369 (S366/S369) is a major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4). The pS366/pS369-PAR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S366/S369 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Serine374/Threonine379 phosphorylation of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4
pS374/pT379-PAR4 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine374/Threonine379 (S374/T379) is a major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4). The pS374/pT379-PAR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S374/T379 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Serine381/Serine382 phosphorylation of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4
pS381/pS382-PAR4 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine381/Serine382 (S381/S382) is a major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4). The pS381/pS382-PAR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S381/S382 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Serine313 phosphorylation of the MRGPRX2 Mas-related Receptor
pS313-MRGPRX2 (phospho-MRGPRX2 Mas-related...
Serine313 (S313) is a major phosphorylation site of the MRGPRX2 Mas-related receptor. The pS313-MRGPRX2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S313 phosphorylation is a...
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Agonist-induced Serine327/Serine328 phosphorylation of the MRGPRX2 Mas-related Receptor
pS327/pS328-MRGPRX2 (phospho-MRGPRX2...
Serine327/Serine328 (S327/S329) is a major phosphorylation site of the MRGPRX2 Mas-related receptor. The pS327/pS328-MRGPRX2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation....
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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